Rabbits are delicate animals with unique health needs. They are prey species, which means they instinctively hide signs of illness to avoid appearing vulnerable. Unfortunately, this makes it difficult for guardians to recognize problems until they become severe. Preventive veterinary care and daily observation are essential to keeping rabbits healthy and ensuring early treatment when issues arise.

This guide outlines the fundamentals of rabbit healthcare, from preventive practices to key warning signs every guardian should watch for.

1. The Importance of a Rabbit-Savvy Veterinarian

Not all veterinarians are trained to treat rabbits. Their anatomy and physiology differ significantly from cats and dogs, requiring specialized knowledge. Always seek out a veterinarian who is experienced with rabbits before emergencies arise.

2. Preventive Health Practices

Annual Exams

Rabbits should have at least one veterinary exam per year. Exams typically include weight checks, dental evaluations, and sometimes blood tests or fecal exams.

Spaying and Neutering

Spaying or neutering prevents reproductive cancers, reduces unwanted litters, and can improve behavior. Female rabbits in particular are at high risk for uterine cancer if left unspayed.

Dental Care

Rabbit teeth grow continuously. Without proper wear, they can develop painful spurs and abscesses. Regular hay consumption and veterinary dental checks are critical.

Vaccinations

Depending on your country or region, vaccinations may be required for diseases such as myxomatosis or rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD). Check with your veterinarian.

3. Daily Health Practices at Home

Guardians play an essential role in early detection. Incorporate daily observation into your routine:
• Monitor food and water intake
• Check droppings for changes in size, shape, or frequency
• Watch for weight loss or bloating
• Look for changes in grooming or activity levels
• Keep enclosures clean to reduce infection risks

4. Common Health Issues in Rabbits

Gastrointestinal Stasis

A life-threatening condition where the digestive system slows or stops. Signs include loss of appetite, small or absent droppings, and lethargy. Immediate veterinary care is required.

Dental Disease

Overgrown teeth or sharp spurs can cause drooling, weight loss, and refusal to eat. Regular hay and dental exams help prevent this.

Respiratory Infections

Sneezing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing are signs of illness that require prompt treatment.

Parasites

Both internal and external parasites can affect rabbits. Regular checkups help identify and treat infestations early.

Reproductive Cancers

Especially common in unspayed females. Spaying greatly reduces the risk.

5. Warning Signs of Illness

Because rabbits hide sickness, even subtle changes should be taken seriously. Seek veterinary care if you notice:
• Refusal to eat or drink
• Small, misshapen, or absent droppings
• Sitting hunched or grinding teeth (a sign of pain)
• Sudden lethargy or weakness
• Nasal or eye discharge
• Difficulty breathing
• Sudden changes in behavior or mobility

6. Emergency Preparedness

Every rabbit guardian should have an emergency plan.
• Identify the nearest rabbit-savvy emergency clinic
• Keep a carrier ready for urgent vet visits
• Maintain a rabbit first-aid kit with items such as styptic powder, a digital scale, and clean syringes for water feeding if recommended by a vet
• Learn to recognize early signs of stasis and other critical conditions

Final Thoughts

Veterinary care is one of the most important responsibilities of rabbit guardianship. With proper preventive practices, routine exams, and quick responses to warning signs, you can protect your rabbit from many common illnesses. Rabbits may be fragile, but with attentive guardians and knowledgeable veterinarians, they can live long, healthy, and joyful lives.

For more guidance, consult rabbit.org and seek advice from veterinarians specializing in small mammals.